Tuesday, 14 April 2015

13-apr


Curbs on Governors' outstation visits

1)      The Union Home Ministry has notified a new set of rules to “regulate” official visits of Governors outside their States amending the Governors (Allowances and Privileges) Rules. It seeks to discourage a Governor’s visit to the home State.

2)      It mandates prior permission from the President and putting a cap of 73 days in a year or 20 per cent of the days in a calendar year as duration of such visits.

3)      Even under emergency or extraordinary circumstances, the Governor cannot undertake visits without intimating the President’s Secretariat.

4)      In case of emergent or extraordinary circumstances, the intimation shall contain details of the circumstances and the compelling reasons why it was not possible to obtain prior permission.

5)      The Governor shall invariably obtain clearance under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act and political clearance before undertaking any foreign visit.

6)      The Governors have to seek permission from the President for private visits within India at least two weeks in advance, except under exceptional circumstances.

Ø  Communications pertaining to private visits abroad have to be made at least six weeks in advance.

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13th U.N. Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

1)      In a major push towards recovering black money stashed in safe havens abroad, a U.N. conference endorsed India’s suggestions on promoting global cooperation in fighting the menace of money-laundering, international terrorism and cyber crime.

2)      A Doha Declaration was adopted during the high-level segment of the meeting.

3)      Following up on G20’s endorsement of concerns raised by it on black money, India put immense importance on the acceptance of a statement that will facilitate the eventual confiscation of “money and other assets that have not been accounted for and that are found in safe havens.

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EC committee on voting rights for migrants

1)      Election Commission has set up a committee of senior officers to consider whether electoral laws can be changed to empower voters who have migrated to other States within the country.

2)      This follows after the government’s green light to NRIs to cast their votes from abroad.

3)      EC is considering :

                                i.            whether inter-State migrant voters could retain their names on the electoral rolls of their native places

                              ii.            casting of their votes through mechanisms such as postal ballot

4)      Under the present law, a person can be enrolled only at the place he is residing. A migrant has to get himself enrolled in the new place.

5)      A plea made by UAE-based doctor Shamsheer V.P in Supreme Court, sought the same voting privileges accorded to government servants under Section 20(8) (d) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, read with Section 60(b) of the Representation of the People Act 1951, which allowed them to vote via postal ballot upon the consent of the Election Commission.

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11-apr


Law Commission report : ‘Eliminating Discrimination against Persons Affected by Leprosy'

1)      Diagnosis and treatment of leprosy is now considered easier and more effective. Since 1983, the disease is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT).

2)      MDT was successfully assimilated into India's health programmes, leading to a reduction in the overall rate of leprosy incidence. But since 2005 the rate of decline has slowed.

3)      As of 2014, India accounts for 58% of all new leprosy cases in the world. During 2013-14 1.27 lakh new cases were detected.

4)      The Law Commission of India’s 256th Report, ‘Eliminating Discrimination against Persons Affected by Leprosy’, will initiate a new chapter in India’s fight against leprosy.

5)      Its recommendations clearly draw from the constitutional values of dignity, equality and freedoms. It also recognises India’s international obligations arising out of the UN General Assembly Resolution on the Elimination of Discrimination against Persons affected by Leprosy, 2010, as well as its obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2007.

6)      The focus of the report is on how several of the laws are themselves discriminatory, needing amendment or repeal.

                                i.            Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 contains discriminatory provisions wherein higher premium rates are charged from persons affected by leprosy due to a supposedly higher risk to their lives.

                              ii.            Personal laws such as the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 that are also discriminatory, mistaking leprosy as an ‘incurable and virulent disease’.

                            iii.            Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995 does not include all categories of persons affected by leprosy within its purview, denying them special privileges under the law.

7)      Recommendations of the report :

                                i.            The report recommends non-discriminatory laws and affirmative action, for their greater integration into employment and educational institutions.

                              ii.            Controversial recommendation : The report suggests that persons living in colonies for leprosy patients need to be granted ownership title to property in their possession.

8)      Overall, the Commission's recommendations are forward-looking and progressive. They must be implemented soonest.

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Net Neutrality

1)      Net neutrality/network neutrality/Internet neutrality/net equality is the principle that Internet service providers and governments should treat all data on the Internet equally, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication.

2)      Neutrality proponents claim that telecom companies seek to impose a tiered service model in order to control the pipeline and thereby remove competition, create artificial scarcity, and oblige subscribers to buy their otherwise uncompetitive services.
 

3)      Examples :

                    i.            In December, 2014 Airtel planned to charge VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) data i.e. levying charge on skype calls, video and voice chats etc. They could not implement planned changes due to heavy criticism.

                  ii.            Facebook has announced a tie-up with Reliance Communications to launch Internet.org in India. The tie-up gives subscribers of Reliance Communications who have Internet-enabled handsets free access to 38 websites – a mix of news, music, education, weather and health sites.

                iii.            The recent move incentivising usage of only certain applications under ‘Airtel Zero’ plan.
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Monday, 13 April 2015

10-apr


UNESCO report on Education

1)      India has made remarkable strides towards ensuring education for all, a new global monitoring report shows. While access is now close to universal, the quality of education remains a major challenge.

2)      In April 2000, the governments of 164 countries adopted the Dakar Framework to deliver “Education for All” commitments by 2015.

Ø  UNESCO published the “Education for All” Global Monitoring Report to evaluate the progress of countries on these goals.



3)      India's performance :

Ø  India is likely to reach the first goal of 80 per cent enrolment in pre-primary education by 2015.

Ø  It has already reached the second goal of universal primary enrolment

Ø  It  will fall just short of universal youth literacy by 2015

Ø  The one measurable goal India will not reach is reducing its adult illiteracy rate by half (it has reduced it by 26 per cent)

Ø  The country’s major success has been in reaching gender parity for primary and lower secondary enrolment.

4)      Only 25 per cent of the countries have reduced by half their levels of adult illiteracy, and women continue to make up two-thirds of the illiterate.

5)      However, the efficiency of public spending in India comes in for criticism, as does the expansion of contract teaching jobs in public schools.

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9-apr


MUDRA bank launched : "funding the unfunded"

1)      Pradhan Mantri Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd (MUDRA) bank with a corpus of Rs 20,000 crore and credit guarantee of Rs. 3,000 crore was launched by PM.

2)      The bank will be responsible for refinancing microfinance institutions in the business of lending to small entities.

3)      The postal network would be used for increasing access to the formal financial system.

4)      While big industrial houses provide jobs to only 1.25 crore people, small entrepreneurs have given employment to nearly 12 crore people.

5)      The bank will be responsible for developing and refinancing all microfinance institutions (MFIs) which are in the business of lending to micro and small business entities engaged in manufacturing, trading and service activities.

6)      It will also partner with State and regional-level coordinators to provide finance to last-mile financiers of small and micro business enterprises.

7)      Its role includes laying down policy guidelines for micro enterprise financing business, registration, accreditation and rating of MFI entities.

8)      The agency will also lay down responsible financing practices to ward off over-indebtedness and ensure proper client protection principles and methods of recovery.

9)      These measures are targeted towards mainstreaming young, educated or skilled workers and entrepreneurs, including women entrepreneurs.

http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/pm-announces-enhanced-input-subsidy/article7082758.ece -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8-apr


Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill

1)      The Union Cabinet approved the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, which will address a long-standing demand to set up a regulator for the real estate sector.

2)      The real estate Bill seeks to :

                                i.            protect the interests of consumers

                              ii.            establish regulatory bodies at the Centre and the States for ethical and transparent business practices in the sector

3)      Salient Features of the bill :

a)      Mandatory registration with the Real Estate Regulatory Authority of all projects and real estate agents who sell plots, apartments or buildings.

b)      Disclosure of all information about registered projects such as details of promoters, layout plan, land status, schedule of execution and status of various approvals will be mandatory.

c)      The Bill seeks to enforce the contract between the developer and the buyer

d)      A fast-track mechanism to settle disputes

4)      The Bill is expected to ensure greater accountability on and reduce frauds and delays. Also, it is expected to promote a regulated and orderly growth of the sector.

5)      These measures are expected to boost domestic and foreign investment in the sector and help achieve the objective of the Government of India to provide ‘Housing for All by 2022’, through enhanced private participation.

6)      Difference between new bill and the earlier bill :

                                i.            The earlier Bill mandated that a developer put 70 per cent of the buyer’s investment into an escrow account to be used only for the construction of the particular project. The Housing Ministry brought this down to 50 per cent in the new bill.

                              ii.            The other major change was to bring the commercial segment of the real estate sector within the ambit of the Bill, which  was earlier limited to regulating only the residential segment.

                            iii.            The new Bill now includes a condition that prohibits a developer from changing the plan in a project unless two-thirds of the allottees have agreed for such a change.

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Call '112' for all emergency services

1)      TRAI recommended the use of a single number ‘112’ for all emergency services in the country, including police, fire brigade and ambulance.

2)      Presently, callers in India need to dial in different numbers for different emergencies such as 100 for police, 101 for fire, 102 for ambulance and 108 for emergency disaster management.

3)      From a user’s perspective, it is simpler and desirable to have a single number for all types of emergencies.

4)      The regulator proposed that existing emergency numbers be retained as secondary numbers and the calls made to them be re-routed to ‘112’. However, once calls to the secondary numbers reduce significantly, they can be withdrawn gradually.

5)      Callers seeking help will be able to dial ‘112’ even from mobile or landline phones where outgoing facility has been debarred or the service temporarily suspended.

6)      SMS-based access for the emergency services has also been proposed.

7)      TRAI has recommended setting up of Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs), which will be akin to a call centre, through which all calls to ‘112’ will be routed.

Ø  When an emergency call is received at the PSAP, it would be answered by a specially trained officer/call taker/ operator based on the type of emergency, dispatchers activate police, fire, medical and other response mechanisms.

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Tuesday, 7 April 2015

7-apr


Air Quality Index

1)      The government launched the National Air Quality Index (AQI) that will -

                                 i.            put out real time data about the level of pollutants in the air

                               ii.             inform people about the possible impacts on health

2)      The new index will initially cover 10 cities — Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi, Faridabad, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad — each of which would have monitoring stations with AQI display boards.

3)      The aim is to eventually deploy the index in all cities with a population of over one million.

4)      The government has been under immense pressure to take a strong stand on air pollution after release of following studies :

                                i.            A World Health Organization study of 1,600 cities released last year showed that Delhi was the world’s most polluted capital.

                              ii.            Another study by experts from the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, Yale and Harvard University, found that India’s poor air quality reduces the lifespan of the average citizen by 3.2 years

5)      The AQI is a global standard. It takes multiple data on pollution already available with the country’s Central Pollution Control Board and presents them as a colour-coded scale with six levels.

6)      The first level, Dark green indicates good air quality while maroon at the other end indicates severe pollution.

7)      For each category, the index identifies associated health impacts.

Ø  For example, when the scale touches maroon, the advisory reads: “May cause respiratory impact even on healthy people, and serious health impacts on people with lung/heart disease".

8)      India does not yet have a mechanism or measures in place to bring down peak pollution levels. For instance :

Ø  Beijing puts in motion a slew of operations when the warning signal for severe pollution is issued. On such days kindergarten, primary and middle schools close, there is a cap on the number of cars allowed on the roads and polluting factories either cut down emissions or shut down completely.

Ø  When the air quality index rose in Paris recently, the city made public transport free and removed almost 50 per cent of the vehicles off the road.

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